Socrates

Socrates was a foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for his distinctive method of inquiry and for challenging the norms of Athenian society. Unlike many philosophers, he left no written works—what we know of him comes from the writings of his students, most notably Plato and Xenophon.

Born into modest means, Socrates served as a hoplite (infantryman) in the Athenian army and later became famous for walking the streets of Athens, engaging people in deep conversations about justice, virtue, knowledge, and the good life. His approach—now known as the Socratic Method—involved asking probing questions to expose contradictions in his interlocutors' beliefs.

Despite his popularity among some young Athenians, Socrates made powerful enemies. In 399 BCE, he was tried for "corrupting the youth" and "impiety" (not believing in the gods of the city). Choosing principle over escape, Socrates accepted his death sentence and drank a cup of hemlock poison, dying surrounded by friends and followers.

Quick Facts

• Known for: The Socratic Method, ethical philosophy, and his influence on Plato
• Occupation: Philosopher, teacher, soldier
• Famous quote: "The unexamined life is not worth living."
• Legacy: Mentor to Plato, whose writings became the cornerstone of Western philosophy
• Philosophy style: Question-driven, dialectical, focused on ethical living over material success

Socrates is remembered not just for what he taught, but how he lived—and how he died. He remains a symbol of intellectual courage, moral integrity, and the relentless pursuit of truth.