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Karl Franz Joseph Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen (Emperor Karl I of Austria)
Emperor Karl I of Austria (King Charles IV of Hungary) was the last monarch of the Habsburg dual monarchy, reigning from 1916 to 1918. A devout Catholic and family man, he sought an early peace in World War I, notably through the 1917 Sixtus initiative, and attempted to federalize the empire to satisfy its many nationalities. After the empire’s collapse, he went into exile and died in Madeira; he was beatified by the Catholic Church in 2004 for his virtues and efforts toward peace.
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Count Leopold Berchtold
Count Leopold Berchtold was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat who served as Foreign Minister from 1912 to 1915. A key figure in the July Crisis of 1914, he oversaw the drafting of the July Ultimatum to Serbia and steered the Monarchy through the Balkan Wars. He resigned amid disagreements over strategy and Italy’s position in 1915 and spent his later years largely in seclusion.
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Karl, Graf von Stürgkh
Karl von Stürgkh was an Austrian nobleman and statesman who served as Minister-President of Cisleithania (the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary) from 1911 until his assassination in 1916. He is best known for proroguing the Imperial Council and ruling by emergency decree during the July Crisis and the early years of World War I. His wartime authoritarianism and strict censorship made him a polarizing figure and a target for socialist agitator Friedrich Adler.
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Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an Italian jurist and statesman who served as Prime Minister during the final phase of World War I. Nicknamed the "premier of victory," he led Italy at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 before resigning amid disputes over Italy’s postwar claims.
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Luigi Cadorna
Luigi Cadorna was an Italian general who served as Chief of Staff of the Royal Italian Army during World War I. Known for his rigid discipline and insistence on relentless offensives along the Isonzo, he was dismissed after the 1917 Caporetto disaster, later serving on the Allied Supreme War Council and being named Marshal of Italy under Mussolini. His legacy remains controversial for both strategic determination and harsh methods.
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Antonio Salandra
Antonio Salandra was an Italian statesman and jurist who served as Prime Minister from 1914 to 1916. He steered Italy from initial neutrality to intervention in World War I, justifying the shift with his doctrine of "sacro egoismo"—the primacy of national interest. His government negotiated the secret Treaty of London and declared war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915.
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Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert of Prussia (Kaiser Wilhelm II)
Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. Grandson of Queen Victoria, he championed Weltpolitik and naval expansion, exacerbating European rivalries that helped set the stage for World War I. After Germany’s defeat, he lived in exile in the Netherlands until his death.
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Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917, presiding over Germany’s transition from prewar tensions into the First World War. A conservative reformer by temperament, he sought to balance domestic modernization with imperial power, yet his role in the July Crisis, the invasion of Belgium, and war aims made him a central—and controversial—figure of the era.
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