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H. H. Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith
Herbert Henry Asquith was a British Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. He championed the Liberal welfare reforms, steered the constitutional crisis that produced the Parliament Act 1911, and led Britain into the First World War before being succeeded by David Lloyd George.
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Philippe Pétain
Philippe Pétain was a French general and Marshal of France, celebrated for his leadership at Verdun in World War I. In 1940 he became Chief of State of Vichy France, collaborating with Nazi Germany and presiding over repressive and antisemitic policies. Tried and convicted for treason after the Liberation, his legacy remains deeply controversial.
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Georges Benjamin Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau, nicknamed “The Tiger,” was a French statesman, journalist, and physician who twice served as Prime Minister, most notably during World War I. A fierce republican and defender of laïcité, he led France to victory, dominated the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and shaped the Treaty of Versailles. Earlier, as editor of L’Aurore, he championed justice in the Dreyfus Affair.
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Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré
Raymond Poincaré was a French statesman and lawyer who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, guiding the Third Republic through the First World War. A conservative republican, he later returned as Prime Minister, notably stabilizing the currency with the "Poincaré franc" and pursuing a hard line on German reparations during the Ruhr occupation.
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Cleopatra VII Philopator
Cleopatra VII was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, renowned for her political acumen, cultural fluency, and strategic alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Her defeat by Octavian culminated in her death in 30 BCE and the annexation of Egypt by Rome.
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David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George was a Welsh-born British statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922, leading Britain to victory in the First World War. A radical Liberal reformer, he championed social insurance and curbed the power of the House of Lords before shaping the postwar settlement and negotiating the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
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Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf was an Austro-Hungarian field marshal and Chief of the General Staff, serving from 1906–1911 and again from 1912–1917. A forceful advocate of preventive war, he shaped the Habsburg Monarchy’s path into World War I and directed early campaigns with heavy losses in Serbia, Galicia, and the Alps. Dismissed by Emperor Karl I in 1917, he remains one of the war’s most controversial strategists.
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Emperor Franz Joseph I
Franz Joseph I reigned as Emperor of Austria and, after 1867, as King of Hungary, presiding over the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1848 to 1916. His long rule saw the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions, wars with Italy and Prussia, the Dual Monarchy’s creation, and the empire’s final years during World War I.
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